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BRONCHITIS AND TREATMENT

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WHAT IS BRONCHITIS? Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lungs. People who have bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus, which can be discolored. Bronchitis may be either acute or chronic. Often developing from a cold or other respiratory infection, acute bronchitis is very common. Chronic bronchitis, a more serious condition, is a constant irritation or inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, often due to smoking. Acute bronchitis usually improves within a few days without lasting effects, although you may continue to cough for weeks. However, if you have repeated bouts of bronchitis, you may have chronic bronchitis, which requires medical attention. Chronic bronchitis is one of the conditions included in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SYMPTOMS For either acute bronchitis or chronic bronchitis, signs and symptoms may include: Cough Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear,

OXYPHIL CELL CARCINOMA AND TREATMENT



OXYPHIL CELL CARCINOMA AND TREATMENT

Hurthle (HEERT-luh) cell cancer is a rare cancer that affects the thyroid gland.
The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the base of your neck. It secretes hormones that are essential for regulating your body's metabolism.
Hurthle cell cancer is also called Hurthle cell carcinoma or oxyphilic cell carcinoma. Hurthle cell cancer is one of several types of cancers that affect the thyroid.
Hurthle cell cancer can be more aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer. Surgery to remove the thyroid gland is the most common treatment.

SYMPTOMS
Signs and symptoms of Hurthle cell cancer may include:
*A fast-growing lump in your neck, just below your Adam's apple
*Pain in your neck or throat
*Hoarseness or other changes in your voice
*Shortness of breath
*Swallowing difficulty
These signs and symptoms don't necessarily mean you have Hurthle cell cancer. They may be indications of other medical conditions — such as inflammation of the thyroid gland or a non cancerous enlargement of the thyroid (goiter).

When to see a doctor?
Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.

CAUSES
It's not clear what causes Hurthle cell cancer.
Doctors know that cancer begins when a cell develops errors in its DNA — the genetic material that contains instructions for biochemical processes in your body. When DNA is altered or damaged, these genes may not function properly, causing cells to grow out of control and eventually form a mass (tumor) of cancerous (malignant) cells.

RISK FACTORS
Factors that increase the risk of developing Hurthle cell cancer include:
*Being female
*Being older
*Having a history of radiation treatments to the head and neck

COMPLICATIONS
Possible complications of Hurthle cell cancer include:
*Problems with swallowing and breathing. They can occur if the tumor grows and presses on the food tube (esophagus) and windpipe (trachea).
*Spread of the cancer. Hurthle cell cancer can spread (metastasize) to other tissues and organs, making treatment and recovery more difficult.

PREPARING FOR YOUR APPOINTMENT
Start by making an appointment with your family doctor or a general practitioner if you have signs and symptoms that worry you.
If Hurthle cell cancer is suspected, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating thyroid disorders (endocrinologist) or a doctor who specializes in treating cancer (oncologist).

TESTS AND DIAGNOSIS
Tests and procedures used to diagnose Hurthle cell cancer include:
*Physical exam. Your doctor will examine your neck, checking the size of your thyroid and seeing whether your lymph nodes are swollen.
*Blood tests. They may reveal abnormalities in your thyroid function that give your doctor more information about your condition.
*Imaging tests. They can help your doctor determine whether an abnormal growth is present in the thyroid. Imaging tests may include ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET).
*Removing a sample of thyroid tissue for testing (biopsy). During a thyroid biopsy, a fine needle is passed through the skin of your neck guided by ultrasound images. The needle is attached to a syringe, which withdraws a sample of thyroid tissue. The sample is analyzed in a laboratory for signs of cancer.

TREATMENTS
Treatment for Hurthle cell cancer usually requires surgery to remove the thyroid. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be options.
Surgery
Total or near-total removal of the thyroid (thyroidectomy) is the most common treatment for Hurthle cell cancer.
During thyroidectomy, the surgeon removes all or nearly all of the thyroid gland and leaves tiny edges of thyroid tissue near small adjacent glands (parathyroid glands) to lessen the chance of injuring them. The parathyroid glands regulate your body's calcium level.
Surrounding lymph nodes may be removed if there's suspicion that the cancer has spread to them.
Risks associated with thyroidectomy include:
*Injury to the nerve that controls the voice box (recurrent laryngeal nerve), which could cause temporary or permanent hoarseness or a loss of your voice
*Damage to the parathyroid glands
*Excessive bleeding
After surgery, your doctor will prescribe the hormone levothyroxine to replace the hormone produced by your thyroid. You'll need to take this hormone for the rest of your life.
Radioactive iodine therapy
Radioactive iodine therapy involves swallowing a capsule that contains a radioactive liquid.
Radioactive iodine therapy may be recommended after surgery because it can help destroy any remaining thyroid tissue, which can contain traces of cancer. Radioactive iodine therapy may also be used if Hurthle cell cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Temporary side effects of radioiodine therapy can include:
*Sore throat
*Dry mouth
*Decrease in taste sensations
*Neck tenderness
*Nausea
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancer cells. During radiation therapy, you're positioned on a table and a machine moves around you, delivering the radiation to specific points on your body.
Radiation therapy may be an option if cancer cells remain after surgery and radioactive iodine treatment or if Hurthle cell cancer spreads.
Side effects may include:
*Sore throat
*Sunburn-like skin rash
Fatigue
Chemotherapy
Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a drug treatment for metastatic or aggressive thyroid cancer that doesn't respond to radioactive iodine therapy.
Side effects include
*high blood pressure,
*diarrhea,
*fatigue,
*skin rash
*weight loss.
Other new medications for treating Hurthle cell cancer are being investigated.

COPING AND SUPPORT
A diagnosis of Hurthle cell cancer can be challenging and frightening. With time you'll find strategies to help you manage the stress and anxiety of a cancer diagnosis. Until then, here are some ideas to help you cope:
*Find someone to talk with. You may feel comfortable discussing your feelings with a friend or family member, or you might prefer meeting with a formal support group. Support groups for the families of cancer survivors also are available.
*Let people help. Cancer treatments can be exhausting. Let friends and family know what would be most useful for you.
*Set reasonable goals. Having goals helps you feel in control and can give you a sense of purpose. But choose goals that you can reach.
*Take time for yourself. Eating well, relaxing and getting enough rest can help combat the stress and fatigue of cancer.
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Contact us:

Mtonga Isaac Pharmacy,
Email: mtongaisaacpharmacy@gmail.com,
Tel: +260974272433/+260966399444,
Lusaka, Zambia.
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